2000-2020

COVID 19 was caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The WHO declared a pand...

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS was caused by the SARS coronavirus, first identified in Guangdong province, China...

The Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa from 2014 to 2016 was the largest Ebola outbreak in history. The outbrea...

The Zika virus outbreak in the Americas began in Brazil in early 2015 and spread to over 80 countries and territories. Z...

The H1N1 influenza pandemic of 2009 originated in Mexico and was caused by a triple reassortant swine influenza virus. T...

The 2001 anthrax attacks occurred one week after the September 11 terrorist attacks. Letters containing Bacillus anthrac...

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS is caused by the MERS coronavirus MERS CoV, first identified in Saudi Arabia in 20...

The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster occurred on March 11, 2011, following a magnitude 9.0 earthquake and tsunami that...

The Flint water crisis began in April 2014 when the city of Flint, Michigan, switched its water source from Lake Huron t...

The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, China, was identified as the likely site of the initial SARS-CoV-2 spillov...

A Public Health Emergency of International Concern PHEIC was the highest alert the WHO could issue under the Internation...

The Global Health Security Agenda GHSA was launched in February 2014 by the United States and approximately 30 partner c...

The One Health approach recognizes that human health, animal health, and environmental health are interconnected. Approx...

Gain of function GOF research involves modifying pathogens to increase their transmissibility, virulence, or host range....

Dual use research of concern DURC refers to legitimate biological research that could be misused to cause harm. The conc...

H7N9 avian influenza emerged in eastern China in March 2013. Unlike H5N1, H7N9 causes little or no illness in birds, mak...

Drug resistant tuberculosis is a growing global health threat. Multidrug resistant TB MDR TB is resistant to at least ri...

Candida auris is a multidrug resistant fungal pathogen first described in 2009 from the ear canal of a patient in Japan....

Epidemiological and genomic studies traced the 2010 Haiti cholera outbreak to a base housing United Nations peacekeepers...

The 2014 mumps outbreak in the National Hockey League affected more than a dozen players. Mumps, a vaccine preventable v...

Toronto was the worst affected city outside Asia during the 2003 SARS outbreak. The virus arrived in February 2003 with ...

The 2018 to 2020 Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo was the second largest Ebola outbreak in history. Th...

A massive chikungunya outbreak occurred on Reunion Island in 2005 to 2006. Approximately 266,000 of the roughly 770,000 ...

The Pandemic Influenza Preparedness PIP Framework was adopted by the WHO in 2011 after the 2009 H1N1 pandemic revealed i...

Event 201 was a pandemic tabletop exercise hosted by the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, the World Economic Fo...

Clade X was a pandemic tabletop exercise hosted by the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security on May 15, 2018. The exe...

Dark Winter was a smallpox bioterrorism exercise held at Andrews Air Force Base on June 22 to 23, 2001, three months bef...

The International Health Regulations 2005 are the binding legal framework for global health security. The IHR require WH...